نشریه علوم اجتماعی
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 36، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Although the price is a determinant element of the exchange market and is primarily considered as an economic variable, the basic idea of the present paper is that in the carpet bazar in Iran it is not merely a result of supply and demand, but also it is influenced by the structure of relationships among the actors. in other words, types of social embeddedness are significant in this regards and prices in this market are shaped by the structure of social relations between buyers and the sellers.With the aim of identifying the social mechanisms of pricing using a qualitative approach and an ethnomethodology method, we studied 35 participants from carpet markets in Mashhad, Tehran, Qom and Isfahan cities. They were from different parts of the bazar inclusing merchants, wholesalers, retailers, commissioners, and intermediaries.The analysis of the interviews showed that the formation of prices in the carpet bazar is influenced by the exposure of sellers to strangers and acquaintances, and leads to the emergence of two main types of arm’s-length price and embedded price. In arm’s-length prices, a seller deals with strangers, which includes three types of cash, long-term and profitable, and in the embedded price of which the transactions with acquaintances are carried out, three types of prices include the obligatory, painful price and mediatory are identifiable. The results clearly show that prices in the carpet market are not based solely on the economic calculations of the actors, but these prices are embedded in social structures, and many social mechanisms are involving in the process of pricing carpets.The results clearly show that prices in the carpet market are not based solely on the economic calculations of the actors, but these prices are embedded in social structures, and many social mechanisms are involving in the process of pricing carpets.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between quality of life and national identity with environmental behaviors in Kerman. Method of study in this research, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The population of the population is 16 years old and above the city of Kerman, which is 95 times 634132 people. 374 questionnaires were analyzed based on data collection. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS software. The results of SPSS analysis show that the relationship between environmental responsibility and environmental quality of respondents with the amount of environmental culture (10 years ago) (r= 0.05) and present time (r=0.24) and with national identity at the present time (r= 0.03) and ten years ago (r= 0.26). The coefficient of determination is = 0/25 of the internal variation of the dependent variable namely the environmental culture in Kerman. The results of the structural equation model (AMOS) show that the quality of life variable has a significant effect on the dependent variable with a regression coefficient of 0.254 and a social economic base with a standard regression coefficient equal to -0.194. It can be inferred that with the improvement of people's quality of life, their awareness, attitudes and environmental behaviors have improved. On the other hand, the national identity of individuals in terms of attention to environmental culture for previous generations has been more than now, and this view of nature-friendliness among them has been more than the current generation.

Social capital considered valuable capital of organizations and it can be creation facilitator of learning organizations. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social capital components on creation of learning organizations among staff of Organization of Agriculture Jahad in Hamedan Province. The descriptive research has done by survey method and questionnaire instrument. The study population was consisted of 625 staff of Organization of Agriculture Jahad in Hamedan Province. The sample size was determined to be 237 staff by using Krejcie and Morgan Table. In this study, stratified random sampling was used. The content and face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. Reliability was strengthened through pilot testing and calculating Cronbach’s alpha. Data was analyzed using a structural equation modeling technique. Findings showed that three dimensions of cognitive, constructive and communicational have significant effect on social capital. Also, empowerment of staff and organizational transformation had the most impact on creation of learning organization. Also, conceptual model of study was good fitness. In finally, according to results, some applied recommendations have presented at the end of article.

. In this article, the lived experience of Tehran citizens with a phenomenological exploratory approach focusing on their daily perception of the use of public transport in the semantic form of citizenship rights was examined. The statistical population of the study includes Tehran citizens using public transportation. Qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 15 citizens using public transportation in different areas of Tehran. Validity of the research Due to its quality, the terms accuracy of the data were used instead of validity and reliability. Data were analyzed by theme analysis technique, which resulted in 4 main themes and 6 sub-themes. Findings showed that the experience of Tehran citizens includes aspects of inequality, injustice, feeling of discrimination in receiving transportation services, low quality of transportation services, incoherent access, mental health damage and promotion of violence in interactions. Social access to public transportation is easy and interconnected during commuting and lack of vitality in all neighborhoods. The results showed that different themes for the rights of citizens in public transportation were narrated and the themes of justice, vitality, rejection and a sense of security and health were extracted.

Changes in people's values and attitudes can lead to behavioral changes. Similarly, a change in the value of a marriage can lead to a refusal to marry. The main question of this research is: what are the effects of individualism and gender equality on the value of marriage? Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate the contribution of individualism and gender equality on the value of marriage of unmarried in Tehran. The data of the study are the result of a survey that was collected in the fall of 1397 using a questionnaire made from 600 unmarried girls. The findings of the study indicate a significant effect of individualism and gender equality on the value of girls' marriage. Direction of this relationship was inverse, so that with increasing individualism and gender equality, we see that girls value marriage less. In addition, the relationship between respondents' personal characteristics and the value of marriage was examined. The relationship between girls' age and the value of marriage was direct. The variables of education level, income level and use of social networks were inversely related to marriage value. In a way, girls who had higher education and higher income and used social networks such as Telegram,

There has always been a lot of controversy among various scholars about the role and presence of ideology in educational systems and its most important element, namely school curricula. In fact, some support the presence of ideological elements in educational systems and shaping them, but others do not agree much with this idea. In this article, an analytical-inferential approach has been used to study and analyze some aspects and angles of this issue. By reviewing the existing theoretical perspectives and literature, the relationship of ideology with the educational system has been proposed in the two implicit (indirect) and explicit (direct) forms. In the first approach, ideology is used in the sense of fundamental values and macro-philosophical frameworks governing education, which shows only the general direction of the educational system and does not take action to engineering the current trends of education in schools and educational centers. It seems that in such a situation, the existence and presence of ideology in education can be justifiable and acceptable. But in the explicit (direct) approach, the relationship and interaction of ideology with the educational system is such that curricula are under the control and dominance of ideology and the mental and intellectual capacities of students are prepared to accept and internalize value. In this case, the role of ideology in the educational system is controversial, which itself necessitates the attention and rethinking of policymakers and planners to correct this trend.

Researches show that despite the numerous facilities and the increase of charitable donations in recent years, the number of poor people and their needs is increasing. On the one hand, the inefficiencies of charities and the failure to achieve predefined goals, as well as the concerns of charities for the government, have led to this study. The aim of the research is to increase the effectiveness of charities through the use of social innovation. Due to that, after reviewing the background of the studies, a research was conducted on the charity of Salam Social Innovation Center. According to the qualitative research, action research methodology and snowball sampling were used. After identifying the problem, the systems thinking (a four-stage model of systems thinking for social change) applied to collect data and provide a solution. For this purpose, interviews with stakeholders and relevant people were conducted. Then the selected solutions were developed and implemented on a large scale. Finally, by evaluating the project process, results and achievements were presented. The results indicated that some basic decisions and actions were needed to solve the problem fundamentally. The suggestions made in this case fall into two categories: quick-fixes and fundamental solutions. Quick fixes include crowd-collaboration and crowdfunding؛ fundamental solutions include improving in the economic situation, micro-lending, frugal innovation, and inclusive innovation.

Corruption is one of the most important of social problems not only in Iran but also around the world. it largely influenced by economic, social, cultural, political and judicial systems and affects all of these dimensions. One way to measure it is to perceive corruption from the perspective of citizens. Perception of corruption is the attitudes of individuals towards the level of corruption among employees of each of the administrative agencies. This study has done with survey method with a sample of 390 citizens who referred to Yasuj city government departments. The results indicated that the variables of religiosity, sense of social justice, individualism and institutional trust had significant effect on perception of corruption. The results of PLS software analysis also showed that independent variables can explain 51.6 percent of the variance of perception of corruption. The most important variable affecting perception of corruption at the sample level was a sense of social justice, with a direct effect equal to -0.450.

The main goal of this article is to have a deconstructive reading of the death of Kulbars. The sign-event of Kulbar’s death is here a means to reflect on a condition in which the phenomena of Kulbari has been created and Kulbar has become an object to be controlled and managed. This process of calling and objectifying is the other side of deleting moral responsibility of the dominant subject in respect to the death of subaltern other. This research is an attempt to deconstruct this death, or to describe deeply mechanisms and devices used by dominant discourse to construct an image of the other ad negotiable and dangerous. To do this, some theoretical themes like those of Levinas and Freud are used. Then deconstructive reading as a method is used to interpret critically the lived experience of Kulbars. The Findings show that the dominant political economy on western provinces has caused lower and middle classes to become redundant and useless people and to go toward illegal economic activities. This political economy has caused a condition in which apparent military security and burglary are the two side of the same coin and Kulabars are the main victims. In this context, the death of Kulbars is represented as a sudden and random event, a normal phenomenon that must be occurred foe the sake of social security.

Existence of weak emotional relationships, job dissatisfaction and unemployment, selective behavior of couples, dissatisfaction with individual needs in the family have all contributed to the formation of men and women who break the covenant. The present study, which is a descriptive-analytical study, has been conducted with the aim of recognizing the effect of social deprivation and its dimensions on couples breaking their covenant in Khorasan Razavi province. The sample size is 379 people and using the Cochran technique and quota sampling method has been adopted. Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis were used to validate the questionnaire. The results of research taken from t-test have shown that social deprivation and its dimensions such as material and immaterial deprivation have a significant relationship with breaking the covenant. The regression values of the structural equation model indicate that the variable of deprivation of social participation has no effect on the couple's breach of contract, because their significance level (p) is greater than 0.05. Also, deprivation of social relations network to the extent of (0.29), educational deprivation to the extent of (0.26), deprivation of leisure time to the extent of (0.47), intellectual deprivation to the extent of (0.17), deprivation of income to Rate (0.51), job deprivation to the extent of (0.30), deprivation of social prestige to the extent of (0.10) is effective. Because their significance level (p) is less than 0.05. In general, deprivation of leisure time has the most and deprivation of social prestige has the least effect on breaking a couple's covenant.

Achieving sustainable success and survival in today's challenging business conditions depends on the ability of employees and organizations to cope with crises and return to normal. Motivating and eliminating employees' indifference is one of the important duties of organizations in order to make employees' resilience, in turn, leads to organizational Resilience. This study aims to design the model of employees' organizational indifference as a major obstacle to achieve resilience. The exploratory mixed method has been used. In the qualitative step of the research, Delphi method & in the quantitative step, Structural Equation Modeling was used. In the quantitative step, the statistical sample of the research encompasses 18 experts using Judgmental Sampling and in the quantative step, it includes 211 employees of Khorasan Regional Electricity Company using Simple Random Sampling. Based on the findings, four main factors and 20 sub-factors of organizational indifference were identified from the experts’ point of view. Then, four main factors and 19 sub-factors were confirmed after testing and validating the obtained model by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Also, the results showed that the organizational main factor has the most effect on organizational indifference. After that, the job, individual and managerial main factors are considered respectively. Other results showed that the weakness & inefficiency of performance evaluation system, perception of injustice and the weakness in managers' communication skills are respectively the most important sub-factors of organizational indifference from the employees' point of view.

One of the important goals of the health system in any country is to ensure, maintain and improve the quality of life and health of people in society. Social health is the ability to perform social maps effectively and efficiently without harming others. Promoting health in society is an indicator of the capabilities of the social system. This capability is considered in practice through the evaluation of the lives of people in the community. Health is not just a biological issue and social factors are also involved in determining the level of health of individuals. The main purpose of this study was to determine the social factors related to the social health of households in Tabriz. The research method was survey and the data collection technique was standard questionnaires. The statistical population was the number of households in Tabriz, which was 428,009. According to the sample size determination formula, 326 households were determined for the city of Tabriz. The sampling method was cluster random sampling. Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of social health of Tabriz households and the variables of social trust, feeling of hopelessness, leisure time, religious beliefs and socio-economic status.